Early school leaving (ESL) is a multi-faceted and complex problem caused by a cumulative process of disengagement. It is a result of personal, social, economic, education or family-related reasons. In Europe, in 2012, 12.7% of all 18 to 24 years olds had not completed upper secondary education. High rates: Spain with a 31.2%, Italy with a 19.2% and Bulgaria with a 14.7%; low rates: Lithuania 8.7%. ...