Background The area of Polizzi Generosa in the Parco delle Madonie in northern Sicily – situated within two proposed Sites of Community Interest (pSCI) – is host to the only population in the world of Sicilian firs (Abies nebrodensis), a species endemic to Sicily (and a priority species within the meaning of the Habitats Directive). This population, however, consists of only 30 individuals. The Sicilian fir marks the southernmost reach of the genus Abies down the mountain arc of the Italian peninsula. The decline of the species is due to human activities, which over the years have profoundly altered the habitat (the species is associated with beechwood) in its distribution area, inappropriate forestry practices and timber felling. The main threats to the survival of the species include the possibility of genetic pollution through hybridisation with non-native species of fir that are present in the area, the poor condition of individuals reproduced in tree nurseries, the limited size of the population and the possibility of fires. Objectives The objective of the project was to conserve and manage 'in situ' the existing population of Sicilian fir and to expand it through 'ex situ' management operations. The project planned to draw up of an action plan for the species, the gradual elimination of non-native species, and the management and preservation of the remaining examples. Sample areas for monitoring and observing particularly vulnerable stands of the species would be identified. In addition, measures were to be adopted to manage and improve the general conservation conditions of the habitat, to support the existing population and to increase the survival rate of natural regeneration. A nursery was planned using the seeds from the local population in order to maintain and propagate the genetic heritage of the species. Finally, a database and information centre would be set up. Results Despite the fact that some of the planned activities could not be completed, the project achieved the following results: Protection and maintenance of the 30 remaining adult trees of Sicilian Fir (fences, gates, localised clearing); Installation of 22 experimental plots to check the different conditions in which the Sicilian fir can be transplanted and propagated; Reduction in the possibilities of genetic pollution by felling or grafting of alien fir species; Awareness raised of tourists, local people and schools (more than 3 000 visitors in total) of the project and its aims; Inventory of all Sicilian Fir plants and creation of a database; Establishment of an information centre at the park; Studies on the mychorrizae possibilities for Sicilian Fir and on the possibility to produce genetically pure propagation material. Thanks to the conservation measures and to the propagation methodology established by the project, it is expected that the population of the Sicilian Fir will increase in the long term. The beneficiary is committed to continuing the activities started during the project, in particular the maintenance works. In fact, a new project has already received funding within the framework programme "Protection of Biodiversity". Overall, the LIFE project was a boost to the nursery production of the fir, to scientific investigations and to the establishment of a visitors' centre. These activities represent a good potential for the creation of new jobs.