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Corrosion under paint (CUP) is a ubiquitous and persistent problem which affects almost every part of the entire infrastructure of modern civilization. Apart from the great economic damage which it causes annually, it also compromises the safety, environmental and aesthetic characteristics of the affected structures, machinery and other artifacts.Metals in their natural state exist as the various ...

"The euro represents the largest currency in circulation in the world and therefore an attractive target for counterfeiters with both the number and sophistication of counterfeits increasing since the euro’s introduction in 2002. To fight counterfeiting, the European Central Bank has implemented strict requirements under the Banknote Recycling Framework which require that no counterfeit notes are ...