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"The initiation and perpetuation of atrial fibrillation (AF) can be regarded as a complication of a progressive transformation of the structure and functional properties of the atria. This transformation is the result of complex and multiple changes at the molecular, cellular and organ levels which interact to form the basis for proarrhythmic mechanisms in AF. Numerous individual and environmental ...

"Due to population aging , the incidence of atrial fibrillation (AF) increases tremendously. Although not lethal, AF reduces exercise capacity and strongly increases the risk of stroke. Despite significant progress in understanding the pathophysiology of AF, its treatment is still far from satisfactory. AF is a progressive disease. With time, paroxysmal AF becomes persistent, and the success rate ...