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Urban systems like traffic, energy, and outdoor lighting are managed by self-contained embedded systems – though the managed processes are deeply interconnected. New applications and collective optimization require integration of these systems which represents a truly “systems of systems” integration problem: these urban systems evolve independently, have their own purpose and internal policies wh ...

Most buildings of cultural/historical interest are located in urban environments. They undergo a number of different external forcings, which need to be addressed separately. It is important to consider local-scale variations of the urban environment, such as changes in pollutants, temperature field, relative humidity cycles, wind field, urban heat island effect etc. The most important challenge ...