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Background Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a sustainable approach to pest control that combines the use of prevention, avoidance, monitoring and suppression strategies to maintain pest populations below economically damaging levels. IPM can also minimise pest resistance and harmful effects of pest control on human health and environmental resources. ...

Background Soil is defined as the top layer of the earth’s crust. It is formed by mineral particles, organic matter, water, air and living organisms. It is a complex, variable and living medium. As well as providing a habitat for many species it performs many vital ecosystem functions including production of food and biomass, filtration of water and tra ...