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Background According to a 2006 survey by the FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations), agriculture accounts for about 18% of greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs). Methane produced by dairy cows represents 76% of total methane emissions. On the other hand, the complicated digestive system of ruminants allows them to convert even poor-quali ...

While there are standard procedures for product life cycle analysis, exposure, hazard, and risk assessment for traditional chemicals, is not yet clear how these procedures need to be modified to address all the novel properties of nanomaterials. There is a need to develop specific reference methods for all the main steps in managing the potential risk of ENM. The aim of MARINA is to develop such ...