"The proposed Initial Training Network for Lateralized Attention Networks (ITN-LAN) brings together 6 research teams with established international reputations and, more importantly, is founded on well established collaborations. The long-term scientific objectives of the proposed ITN-LAN are: (1) To validate and standardize a behavioural battery for assessing the attentional networks of the two cerebral hemispheres and their interaction, (2) To study its neurophysiological correlates using EEG/ERP, fMRI, NIRS and TMS, (3) To assess methods for modulating the attention networks in each hemisphere and their interaction using: (i) biofeedback of the participants own ongoing EEG or fMRI, (ii) TMS to generate selective 'virtual lesions' of hemispheric attentional networks. The focus of the current proposal is to assess critically and rigorously the effectiveness of biofeedback in modulating attention, a goal which has both basic and applied aspects. Common to both aspects is our ability to harness cortical plasticity in the service of ameliorating not only acquired, but also congenital attention deficits. The clinical application has commercial potential and this will be pursued by the industry associated partner (Bio-Keshev). The proposed ITN-LAN offers a comprehensive range of research methods and theories in attention research. First, we cover ALL the non-invasive research methods applied in this field, and second, we look at attention processes at all levels, from sensory to frontal cortex regions, from childhood to old age, and from normal performance to acquired and developmental disorders. We ask to fund 312 person-months, mostly (92%) ESR. One of the centres is located in a less-favoured region. We are privileged to have Prof. Michael Posner as our consultant, being an eminent researcher in the field of attention."