Objective of the NanoSustain project is to develop innovative solutions for the sustainable design, use, recycling and final treatment of nanotechnology-based products This will be achieved by a comprehensive data gathering and generation of relevant missing data, as well as their evaluation and validation, for specific nanoproducts or product groups in relation to their human health and environmental hazards and possible impacts that may occur during after-production stages. Although production of nanomaterials is rapidly increasing, our knowledge about possible health and environmental effects associated with these materials is still rather poor. This lack of knowledge calls for more research. Due to their small size, nanoparticles behave different than their chemical analogues. They can be taken up easily and in a unique way with possible adverse effects in man and organisms. Assessing their hazard is complex and needs new approaches and a close international cooperation. NanoSustain will address the questions, (1) how and to what degree society and the environment will be exposed to nanomaterials and associated products, and (2) where do these particles end up? Expected results will improve our present knowledge on the impact and fate of these particles after entering economic and natural cycles. NanoSustain has mobilized the critical mass of expertise, resources and skills to tackle this complex issue. Based on results from hazard characterization, impact assessment and LCA, we will explore on a lab-scale new solutions for the design of selected nanomaterials and associated products and their sustainable use, recycling and final treatment. As the concerned nanotech industry will actively participate in the planned project, NanoSustain will set the ground for the development of new sustainable products and industrial applications, and hence help to strengthen competitiveness of the European nanotechnology industry.