Background The pygmy cormorant (Phalacrocorax pygmeus) and the ferruginous duck (Aythya nyroca) are globally-threatened species that regularly occur in the European Union. The pygmy cormorant breeds in parts of southern and south-eastern Europe (accounting for 75% of its global breeding range). Its European breeding population is estimated at fewer than 39 000 pairs. The breeding population in Romania accounts for 11 500-14,000 pairs, and in Bulgaria for 350-400 pairs. The species receives some protection within the Danube Delta’s biosphere reserve, but is not protected throughout the rest of its range along the lower Danube. It uses the inland wetlands for breeding, feeding and wintering, and is dependent on the conservation of this natural habitat. The ferruginous duck is considered vulnerable in Europe. Its breeding population is estimated at fewer than 18 000 pairs. The populations in Romania (6 500 breeding pairs) and Bulgaria (230 breeding pairs) are considered to be of international importance, especially in the context of the overall trend of the declining number of pairs. The maintenance or restoration of wetlands along the lower Danube is of vital importance for the breeding populations of both of these species. Objectives The project's main objective is to improve the conditions of Phalacrocorax pygmeus and Aythya nyroca in Romania and Bulgaria, and to maintain their favourable conservation status. This will be done through: Coordinated conservation efforts targeted at both species through improved, cross-border management of the Natura 2000 network sites along the lower Danube; Building the knowledge of stakeholders in both countries about the status of the species, and their ecological needs; Improving breeding and feeding conditions at key sites by implementing good management practices for fishponds, reed beds and forest areas, and by improving the ecological status of the wetlands used as breeding and feeding sites. The cross-border approach taken by the project will allow effective implementation of the conservation measures, which will be reflected by the long-term self-sustainability of the populations of both species across key Natura 2000 sites.