Important progress has been made in the field of HPV-disease prevention with the development and implementation of HPV vaccines and HPV DNA screening. In the CoheaHr project, the (cost-) effectiveness of different European preventive strategies will be compared. The goal is to build a reliable and comparable evidence base on the (cost-) effectiveness of these policies implemented under country-specific preventive services conditions.To achieve this goal, a set of specific tasks will be carried out. Three randomized trials will be performed in organised screening settings to determine: i) whether self-collection of specimens for HPV DNA testing is an effective and feasible alternative for physician-based sampling, ii) whether screening intervals can be extended in women vaccinated at young age, iii) whether vaccinating women two years before entering the screening programme will favour the use of HPV screening. The first and third randomized trials are multi-country trials whereas the second trial will be carried out in a cohort of Finnish women vaccinated in 2007. For unvaccinated, 25-45 year old women participating in screening, acceptability and general feasibility of HPV vaccination will be studied in a multi-country demonstration survey. Comparisons by transmission models are included to provide long-term projections for cancer incidence and mortality. Furthermore, the establishment of a standardised joint European data warehouse will be continued and extended for (continuous) evaluation of comparative effectiveness of screening and vaccination policies in Europe. Finally, there will be an ongoing effort for producing systematic reviews and meta-analyses which provide a sustainable resource for evidence.CoheaHr will provide a strong evidence base which enable policy and other decision makers to make informed decision-making on HPV prevention strategies, thereby contributing to strengthening health systems and health services interventions in Europe.