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Adjoint-based methods have become the most interesting approach in CFD optimisation due to their low computational cost compared to other approaches. The development of adjoint solvers has seen significant research interest, and a number of EC projects have been funded on adjoint-based optimisation. In particular, partners of this proposal are members of the EC FP7 project FlowHead which develops ...

"The processes of laser cladding, deposition and surface alloying are increasingly used in modern manufacturing as surface enhancement, rapid manufacturing, tooling and repair processes. In the simplest terms, they are based on blowing a powder stream into a moving, laser-induced melt pool. Modelling of them is difficult as they are characterised by multiple phase changes and mass and heat flow pa ...