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Legionella pneumophila is the causative agent of a severe form of pneumonia known as Legionnaires’ disease. Legionella utilizes a type IV secretion system, encoded by the dot/icm gene cluster, to secrete circa 300 effectors that highjack host cellular function to allow the bacterium to live intracellularly inside macrophages. Although the molecular basis of effector function has been elucidated fo ...

Isotopic closure is typically considered to be governed by temperature controlled volume diffusion. However, theoretical considerations as well as experimental evidence suggest that fluid-induced metamorphic recrystallisation may be orders of magnitude more important than thermal diffusion in many if not most field settings. This simple concept may explain the irregular release spectra observed in ...