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Background Sewage sludge generated in urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is a complex, heterogeneous mixture of microorganisms, inorganic materials and organic substances. It is classified as a non-hazardous waste. Sludge disposal can represent up to 50% of the WWTP management costs. Sewage sludge must undergo some treatment in order to reduce its ...

Background Eutrophication can occur when a body of water acquires a high concentration of nutrients - phosphates and nitrates – from agricultural, industrial and urban effluents. Systems to efficiently remove nitrogen have been relatively successfully developed; however the elimination of phosphorus components still needs to improve if the EU legislativ ...