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Corrosion under paint (CUP) is a ubiquitous and persistent problem which affects almost every part of the entire infrastructure of modern civilization. Apart from the great economic damage which it causes annually, it also compromises the safety, environmental and aesthetic characteristics of the affected structures, machinery and other artifacts.Metals in their natural state exist as the various ...

The need for higher speed is a never ceasing requirement for broadband access and requirement of 1 Gbps is expected around 2016. The copper lines are expected to reach their maximum capacity at about 10 Mbps while the capacity required only for watching one channel of HDTV is 20 Mbps.Tithe total number of homes connected to fibres will grow from about 11 million at the end of 2006 to about 86 mill ...