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"As we learn more about the mechanisms of development, it remains a challenge to understand the relationship between molecular processes and functional characteristics of the organism. The complexity of the networks that link genes and phenotypes is nearly ignored by evolutionary theory, which builds on simple phenomenological models of the genotype-phenotype relationship. These models treat devel ...

"Biological cells are entities with highly complex, non-linear control circuits. They can thus express intricate behavior, such as stochasticity-induced multistability, oscillations, responses at different time scales, hysteretic behavior, memory, etc. Biology is only about to start to investigate these phenomena, which all occur at single cell level and often result in phenotypic heterogeneity. I ...