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Background Clean-In-Place (CIP) systems are closed processes in which a recirculation cleaning solution is used to disinfect food-processing plants. Though these cleaning and disinfection methods are essential for maintaining hygienic conditions, they have significant environmental impacts, particularly high water consumption and production of highly-poll ...

The availability of secure and efficient regional energy systems is an essential prerequisite for regional development, particularly for structurally weak regions. In its Green Paper on the Security of Energy Supply, the European Commission singled out heating as the largest energy sink that is mainly based on fossil and imported fuels. Municipalities play a key role, as they are suppliers of (dis ...